Scanning electron microscopy approach for evaluation of hair dyed with Lawsonia inermis powder: in vitro Study / Método de microscopía electrónica de barrido para la evaluación de cabello teñido con extracto de Lawsonia inermis: estudio in vitro

During aging, usually graying of the hair occurs as a result of oxidative stress. Driven by social acceptance and self-perception of the exterior appearance, both men and women rely on hair dyeing products, in order to mask the graying hair. At the same time, a frequent use of synthetic products and treatment can damage the hair shaft; for this reason, this study aimed to evaluate the morphological effect of the herbal dye derived from Lawsonia inermis (henna), on hair. Dyed hairs were evaluated by means of SEM. Subsequently, they were compared, qualitatively and quantitatively, with undyed hairs. Results showed a positive impact on the cuticula pattern and on the diameters of the examined samples, after henna application. Different results, about the degree and the type of morphological changes occurring on pigmented hairs, may depend on the phenotype and on the health condition of hair, before dye treatment.

Durante el envejecimiento, generalmente se produce el envejecimiento del cabello como resultado del estrés oxidativo. Motivados por la aceptación social y la autopercepción de la apariencia, tanto hombres como mujeres confían en productos para teñir el cabello para enmascarar las canas. Al mismo tiempo, el uso frecuente de productos y tratamientos sintéticos puede dañar el tallo del cabello. Por esta razón, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el efecto morfológico del tinte derivado de Lawsonia inermis (henna) en el cabello. Los cabellos teñidos se evaluaron mediante SEM. Posteriormente, se compararon, cualitativa y cuantitativamente, con cabellos sin teñir. Los resultados mostraron un impacto positivo en el patrón de la cutícula y en los diámetros de las muestras examinadas, después de la aplicación de henna. Los diferentes resultados, sobre el grado y el tipo de cambios morfológicos que ocurren en los cabellos pigmentados, pueden depender del fenotipo y del estado de salud del cabello, antes del tratamiento con tinte.

A case of hair dye-induced contact anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a sudden-onset life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction. Allergens, such as foods, stinging insect venoms, and drugs, are the globally important causative factors for anaphylaxis. Para-phenylenediamine (PPD), an aromatic amine, is a well-known hair dye component that can act as a skin irritant and/or a skin sensitizer. As an allergen, PPD can induce various reactions; the most common being contact dermatitis, a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Anaphylaxis or other immediate hypersensitivity reactions by hair dye contact is extremely rare, with only a few cases reported worldwide. Here, we report a case of a 63-year-old female who presented to the Emergency Department with dyspnea, rash, vomiting, and diarrhea within minutes after using a hair dye product containing PPD. Her past medical history includes urticaria of unknown cause. Her total IgE antibody level was increased to 630 kU/L. Skin prick and patch tests with the hair dye she applied at the time of anaphylaxis demonstrated an immediate reaction. An additional patch test with 25 common contact allergens showed positive reaction to PPD. This is the first case report of hair dye-induced contact anaphylaxis presenting sensitization to PPD in Korea.

P-Phenylenediamine Hair Dye Allergy and Its Clinical Characteristics

BACKGROUND: P-phenylenediamine (PPD) has been identified as the most frequent contact sensitizer of hair dye and the clinical characteristics of hair dye contact allergy (HDCA) are diverse. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical characteristics of HDCA and to assess the relationships between HDCA, exposure time to PPD and PPD positivity. METHODS: We analyzed 105 patients with patch test-confirmed hair dye allergy who presented between July 2009 and March 2015. Clinical symptoms, signs, associated skin diseases, involved ACD area, and patterns of hair dye use were obtained by reviewing medical records and by interview. RESULTS: HDCA was more common in women and in individuals aged more than 50 years. Pruritus was the most common symptom; erythematous macules and patches were the most frequently observed clinical signs. The most common site of HDCA was the face and non-specific eczema and urticaria were frequently observed with HDCA. Exposure time to hair dye, represented as frequency and duration, showed a positive correlation with the area affected by hair dye allergy (p < 0.001). Hair dye allergy was identified in most patients (80%) before diagnosis by patch test. However, only 28.6% of all patients stopped using hair dye, even after the diagnosis was confirmed. CONCLUSION: The extent of hair dye allergy involvement was related to exposure time to hair dye. For effective treatment of HDCA, it is important to properly educate patients with HDCA about the clinical manifestations of HDCA and to keep away from allergens.

Influence of different cosmetic vehicles in mechanical and physical properties of hair treated with oxidative hair dyes

ABSTRACT Hair care products play a significant role in the cosmetic market and aim at improving hair brightness, breakage resistance, and color change. In this study, we analyzed the possibility of the formulation of oxidative dyes in different vehicles impacting the hair's both mechanical and physical properties. Light brown and light blond dyes were prepared using eight different vehicles. Among these, four vehicles were emulsifying agents and four gelling agents. Each formulation was applied to two types of virgin Caucasian hair (light blond and dark brown). Physical, chemical, and organoleptic properties of each formulation were assessed, as well as changes in hair parameters after oxidative dyeing, such as staining intensity, brightness, and breaking strength. The parameters of color and brightness differed in some formulations, but the hair type also responded differently. Brightness parameter was increased in dark brown hair colored with both dyes, whereas light blond hair showed the opposite result. Regarding the breaking strength, there were no significant differences between the two kinds of tresses. Cosmetic formulations should adjust the consumer desired effects (e.g. color change) in order to present minimal drawbacks (e.g. decrease of hair brightness and strength). Thus, the study of different vehicles is important when establishing the best oxidative dye formulation.

HPLC-DAD for simultaneous determination of 20 colorants in hair dyes / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To develop a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-diode array detector (DAD) method for determination of 20 colorants in hair dyes, so as to improve the method for determining oxidative hair dyes in Hygienic Standard for Cosmetics. Methods: After ultrasonic extraction with ethanol-water, samples were analyzed by HPLC. The separation was achieved on an Agilent Zorbax Bonus-RP column (4.6mm × 250mm, 5μm) using a gradient mobile phase system of A: acetonitrile and B: 4mmol/L PBS (pH = 6.0) containing 0.1 % 1-octanesulfonic acid sodium salt solution at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The gradient elution program was as follows: 0-24 min, 10% A; 24-26 min, 10%-40% A; 26-45 min, 40% A; 45-47 min, 40%-80% A; 47-52 min, keep 80% A unchanged. The detection wavelength was set at 280 nm, the temperature of column was 15°C, and the injection volume was 5 μL. Results: All the components were separated at baseline within 50 min. Within the concentration range of 10.0-500.0 mg/L, the peak areas and concentrations of colorants had good linear relationship, with the linear correlation coefficients being higher than 0.999. The intra-day and inter-day precisions were within 4% and the average recoveries ranged from 81.90% to 119.88%. Conclusion: The present method is simple, rapid and accurate and is suitable for determination of colorants in oxidative hair dyes.

The Pattern of Hair Dyeing in Koreans with Gray Hair

BACKGROUND: Hair graying is considered as a part of normal ageing process. Nonetheless, this process raises a significant cosmetic concern, especially among ethnic Korean elderly whose baseline hair color is black. For this reason, Korean elderly dye their hair with frequency despite the risk of dermatologic problems such as allergic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVE: In this study, the authors investigate the prevalence and pattern of hair dyeing and its relation with scalp diseases in Korea. METHODS: Six hundred twenty subjects (330 men and 290 women) with graying hair were given a questionnaire survery and underwent a physical examination. RESULTS: Of the 620 total, 272 subjects (43.9%) dyed their hair. Hair dyeing was significantly more frequent among women than among men (p<0.001). Subjects from 50 to 69 years of age showed higher prevalence of hair dyeing when compared to either younger or older groups. Subjective self-assessment of the extent of hair graying was associated with increased prevalence of hair dyeing, that is, individuals who feel graying has advanced by more than 20% of the overall hair were much more likely to dye their hair (p<0.001). Hair dyeing did not correlate with either alopecia or scalp disease. CONCLUSION: Our survey has found that the prevalence of hair dyeing is higher among Korean women than men. People in their fifties and sixties and people with more than 20% extent of grayness were more likely to dye their hair than otherwise. Hair dyeing was not associated with any increase in the prevalence of scalp diseases.

Fatores nutricionais e resistência da haste capilar: estudo clínico piloto / Nutritional factors and resistance of the hair shaft: a pilot clinic study

Introdução: A integridade da haste capilar está comprometida em algumas genodermatoses, uso de citostáticos, além de traumas físico químicos, como processamentos (alisamentos , tinturas, uso de secadores, etc.). Objetivo: Avaliar a possível melhora na resistência capilar após a ingestão de um suplemento alimentar. Métodos: Pacientes com queixa de queda de cabelo por fratura, com cabelos virgens ou processados por tintura, tintura e alisamento ingeriram um suplemento vitamínico por 90 dias. Resultados: Houve melhora clínica dos fios fraturados removidos pelo pull test e melhora da resistência e brilho do cabelo percebida pelas pacientes, estatisticamente significativas (p<0,05). Conclusões: Há um impacto nutricional na manutenção da resistência do fio de cabelo e a suplementação nutricional pode melhorar a síntese das estruturas do fio.

Introduction: The hair shaft's integrity can be compromised by the presence of some genodermatoses, with the use of cytostatic agents, and in physical-chemical traumas, such as straightening, dyeing, drying, etc. Objective: To evaluate improvements in hair resistance after the ingestion of a dietary supplement. Methods: Patients complaining of hair loss due to breakage, with virgin or processed hair (dyed, straightened, or dyed and straightened) ingested a vitamin supplement for 90 days. Results: There was clinical improvement in damaged strands that were removed in the pull test, in addition to statistically significant increases in the strength and shine of the hair, as perceived by patients (p <0.05). Conclusions: Nutrition affects the maintenance of hair's resistance, and supplementation can improve the synthesis of the structures of the hair.

The clinical study on the risk of permanent hair dye use for connective tissue disease with positive antinuclear antibodies / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective To investigate the risk of permanent hair dye use for connective tissue disease ( CTD ) with positive antinuclear antibodies ( ANA ).Methods We conducted a population-based case-control study to analyze 440 CTD patients from the department of our hospital.Four hundreds and forty patients' relatives or friends who were free from any CTD were selected as controls.Patients and controls were matched in sex and age.A face-to-face interview was adopted to finish questionnaires about subjects' demographic data and the use of permanent hair dye.Data about the duration,frequency,times of usage and allergy related to hair dye were collected.Medical history was also reviewed,such as the diagnosis,disease course,primary symptoms,serum tests and organ involvements.Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 17.0 software using x2 test and Logistic regression.Results The association between the use of permanent hair dye and CTD did not reach statistical significance (OR=1.282,95％CI 0.966-1.700,P=0.085 ),when the relationship of hair dye use with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) was tested,the same result (OR=1.092,95％CI 0.795-1.500,P=0.587 ) could be revealed.Conclusion This preliminary study has shown that the use of permanent hair dye couldn't induce the occurrence of CTD.

A Survey of the Awareness, Knowledge and Behavior of Hair Dye Use in a Korean Population with Gray Hair

BACKGROUND: Gray hair naturally develops in the process of human aging. Many people with gray hair periodically dye their hair. Hair dyeing products are widely used and they can cause adverse effects. Therefore, the user's knowledge and recognition about hair dyeing and related side effects are important. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to lay the foundation for understanding, preventing and treating side effects caused by hair coloring products. METHODS: We conducted a questionnaire survey for adult males and females aged over 20 who had gray hair. A total of 500 subjects were included in this study and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS: Large numbers of the people who had experience with hair dye (233 out of 319 people, 73.0%) did not know about the exact brand name of the hair dye product that they were using. Of 319 hair dye users, 23.8% (76 out of 319) people stated that they experienced side effects. Despite the occurrence of side effects from hair dyeing products, it seems they did not realize the seriousness of the side effects or the need for treatment. CONCLUSION: It is advisable to introduce a system that enables users to become aware of the ingredients and side effects of hair coloring products and give opportunities for users to become aware of the side effects of hair coloring through education, publicity and publication of an informational booklet.

Allergic dermatitis to hair dyes: an analysis of 597 cases in Tianjin / 中华医学美学美容杂志

Objective To investigate the morbility and epidemic characteristics of hair dye dermatitis in individuals who dyed their hair in Tianjin.Methods Questionnaires were distributed to the outpatients in the Gerneral Hospital of Tianjin Medical University,students and teachers in Tianjin Medical University,residents in the community and customers in barber shop from Aug.2007 to Mar.2008.The personal data including the methods and site of coloring hair and something correlated to hair dyes were investigated.Results A total of 597 cases with the history of coloring hair were enrolled in the study,including 485 women and 112 men,with mean age of 41 years (ranged from 16- 74years).Among 597 cases,69 cases had allergic reactions to hair dye,including 51 women and 18 men,with mean age of 44 years (ranged from 19-65 years).The median age of the first coloring hair was 40 years (ranged from 3-50 years).The comparison between the sites of coloring hair had no statistic significance (P ＞0.05),but there was a significant difference between black dyed hairs and col or dyed hairs (P ＜0.05).Conclusions People with black hair dye are prone to be allergic.

Tratamentos estéticos e cuidados dos cabelos: uma visão médica (parte 1) / Hair care: a medical overview (part 1)

Dúvidas sobre a ação dos cosméticos capilares sobre a saúde do corpo e dos cabelos são cada vez mais frequentes nas consultas dermatológicas. Os médicos dermatologistas necessitam enriquecer o conhecimento a respeito, não somente, das doenças do couro cabeludo, como também das interações moleculares dos cosméticos usados na fibra capilar, incluindo a influência de tais produtos quando absorvidos pelo epitélio do couro cabeludo. A cada dia, aumentam as consultas médicas para esclarecimento de quais técnicas e produtos químicos são mais indicados para permitir que os cabelos sofram as alterações desejadas de seu aspecto natural e, ao mesmo tempo, mantenhamse saudáveis e belos. Neste artigo, dividido em duas partes, abordamos a fisiologia dos cabelos, sua estrutura e natureza química, os agentes usados para seu alisamento, sua coloração, higiene e seu tratamento estético e as consequências que tais procedimentos podem ter na saúde em geral, incluindo sua segurança no uso durante a gravidez e lactação.

Doubts concerning the action of hair cosmetics and the health of both body and hair are very frequent in the dermatological visits. Dermatologists need no only to enrich the knowledge of scalp diseases but also of molecular interactions of cosmetics used in hair fi ber, including the infl uence of such products when absorbed by the epithelium of the scalp. The amount of medical visits increases every day to fi nd out which techniques and chemical products are best indicated to enable the desired changes in hair from its natural appearance and, at the same time, to keep the hair healthy and beautiful. In this article, divided in two parts, we discuss the hair physiology, structure and chemical nature, as well as the agents used for its smoothing, coloring, hygiene and cosmetic treatment, and the consequences that such procedures can have on overall health, including their use safety during pregnancy and lactation.

Analysis of Fourteen Dyes in Hair Dying Formulations by High Performance / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To develop a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the determination of fourteen dyes in hair dying formulations.Methods Dyes were separated on a amide bonded C_(16) silica column (250 mm?4.6 mm,5?m),the target analytes were ion-paired prior to HPLC analysis with elution employing methanol-0.025 mol/L phosphate buffer (pH=6.0) containing 1 g/L 1-heptanesulfonic acid sodium salt as mobile phase and detection by a photodiode array detector with the detection wavelength of 230 nm and 280 nm.The flow rate was 1.0 ml/min and the column temperature was 25℃.Results The linear range were 10-500 mg/L,the detection limits were 0.3-2.0 mg/L,the coeffieients of variation were less than 10%(except 2-amino-6-chloro-4-nitrophenol at low concentration) and the recovery rates were 71.3%-118.5%.Conclusion The methods of high performance liquid chromatography introduced in this paper is simple,rapid,accurate and is applicable to the analysis of various hair dyes.

Survey on the Symptoms Related to Hair Dyeing among University Freshmen / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was carried out to investigate the prevalence and symptoms related to hair dyeing among university freshmen. METHODS: The authors conducted a questionnaire survey among 1, 499 university freshmen from Mar 11 to 15, 2002. RESULTS: The study group contained 710 females and 789 males. Up until 2002, 62.7% of the subjects had experienced hair dyeing, and this was significantly higher in females (66.2%, p< 0.05). The period of first experience of hair dyeing was in high school for 361 cases (38.4%), after high school for 345 cases (36.7%) and before high school for 234 cases (24.9%). The major reasons of hair dyeing were 'to improve their appearance' in 466 cases (49.6%), and 'to follow the hair dyeing fashion' in 169 cases (18.0%). The prevalence of hair dyeing in 2002 was 47.8%, and again was significantly higher in females (53.7%, p< 0.05). The major symptoms related to hair dyeing were 'cleaved and nonelastic hair' in 498 cases (69.6%), and 'thin and easily breakable hair' in 353 cases (49.3%). Of those, 361 cases (50.4%) appealed to three or more symptoms related to hair dyeing. Through multiple logistic regression, factors significantly associated with symptoms related to hair dyeing were found to be female (OR=2.14, 95% CI; 1.61-2.83), use of hair dryer (OR=1.36, 95% CI; 1.004-1.854), a frequency of hair dyeing of three or more (OR=1.48, 95% CI; 1.04-2.09), and a duration of processing hair dyeing of over 60 minutes (OR=2.18, 95% CI; 1.50-3.18). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence and experience of hair dyeing were generally high among university freshmen. Therefore, more extensive epidemiological studies on the symptoms related to hair dyeing should be conducted.

DNA Damage in Lymphocytes after Hair Dyeing and Related Factors among Women Volunteers / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the DNA damage by hair dyeing in human lymphocytes. METHODS: Comet assays were carried out to evaluate the DNA damage in lymphocytes by hair dyeing. Twenty subjects were selected from women volunteers whose age ranged from 55 to 67 year old. All subjects had no smoking history. Blood samples were collected before and 6 hours after hair dyeing. DNA damage was evaluated by means of the tail moments, which were quantified by a KOMET 4.0 image analysis system. RESUJLTS: The tail moments before hair dyeing showed no significant differences among subjects except for the high frequency group. The mean values of the tail moments in subjects with low and high frequencies of hair dyeing were 1.39 and 1.77, respectively (p<0.05). The tail moments after hair dyeing increased significantly. The mean values of tail moments in subjects before and after hair dyeing were 1.45 and 1.79, respectively (p<0.01). However, the difference levels of DNA damage in lymphocytes before and after hair dyeing were found to be slightly lower in both the dietary supplement taking group and high frequency group. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency group appears to have a higher level of DNA damage than the low frequency group before hair dyeing. DNA damage in lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in the volunteers after hair dyeing. In this study, the related factors such as high frequency and taking dietary supplements appeard to reduce DNA damage in lymphocytes after hair dyeing.

DNA Damage in Lymphocytes after Hair Dyeing and Related Factors among Women Volunteers / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the DNA damage by hair dyeing in human lymphocytes. METHODS: Comet assays were carried out to evaluate the DNA damage in lymphocytes by hair dyeing. Twenty subjects were selected from women volunteers whose age ranged from 55 to 67 year old. All subjects had no smoking history. Blood samples were collected before and 6 hours after hair dyeing. DNA damage was evaluated by means of the tail moments, which were quantified by a KOMET 4.0 image analysis system. RESUJLTS: The tail moments before hair dyeing showed no significant differences among subjects except for the high frequency group. The mean values of the tail moments in subjects with low and high frequencies of hair dyeing were 1.39 and 1.77, respectively (p<0.05). The tail moments after hair dyeing increased significantly. The mean values of tail moments in subjects before and after hair dyeing were 1.45 and 1.79, respectively (p<0.01). However, the difference levels of DNA damage in lymphocytes before and after hair dyeing were found to be slightly lower in both the dietary supplement taking group and high frequency group. CONCLUSIONS: The high frequency group appears to have a higher level of DNA damage than the low frequency group before hair dyeing. DNA damage in lymphocytes was found to be significantly higher in the volunteers after hair dyeing. In this study, the related factors such as high frequency and taking dietary supplements appeard to reduce DNA damage in lymphocytes after hair dyeing.

Analysis of Influencing Factors on Female Hairdresser's Neuropsychiatric Symptoms Due to Chronic Organic Solvent Exposure / 대한산업의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to examine the influencing factors on female hairdresser's neuropsychiatric symptoms due to chronic organic solvent exposure. METHODS: We collected data from 143 female hairdressers employed in 75 hair salons selected by random sampling from the telephone directory of Gangnung City. Using multiple regression analysis we analyzed the influencing factors(i.e. ventilating fans, aircleaners, work duration, total time of exposure to solvents during hair-dyeing and permanent, etc.) on neuropsychiatric symptoms. RESULTS: The neuropsychiatric symptom scores were significantly positively correlated with the total time of hair-dyeing work and work duration, and significantly negatively correlated with the glove wearing proportion. However, the total time of permanent work, ventilating fans and air-cleaners were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that for the prevention of neuropsychiatric symptoms due to chronic organic solvent exposure, more attention is required regarding hair-dyeing work than permanent work and to skin absorption rather than respiratory inhalation.

Determination of Phenylenediamine in Oxidative-type Hair Dyes by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To establish a method for determination of p-phenylenediamine,m-phenylenediamine,o-phenylenediamine in oxidative-type hair dyes.Methods The samples of oxidatve-type hair dyes were solved by ethyl acetate,then followed by centrifuged,extracted.The extraction was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography,the working condition was optimized also.Results The linear range for p-phenylenediamine,m-phenylenediamine,o-phenylenediamine was 25-400 ?g/ml,r=0.999 1-0.999 9,the detection limits were 3.1,3.6,3.4 ?g/ml respectively,the standard recovery rates were 86.8%-104.3%,RSDs were 2.3%-4.5%(n=3).Conclusion This method was simple and rapid,it can be effectively applied in extraction and separation of phenylenediamine in oxidative-type hair dyes.